The Influence of Morphological Characteristics on the Ball Throwing Velocity in the Professional Handball Players / Influencia de las Características Morfológicas en la Velocidad de Lanzamiento del Balón en los Jugadores Profesionales de Balonmano

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine influence of upper limbs on the ball throwing velocity. A total of 10 professional handball players (25.74±4.84 years) participated in this study. All of them were playing in the top Montenegrin professional handball league. The results obtained in this study shows that upper limbs have high influence on ball throwing velocity. This study provides normative data and performance standards for professional handball. Coaches can use this information to determine the type of anthropometric characteristics that are needed for handball. Anthropometric parameters such as arm length, wrist diameter, hand length and arm span are the most relevant aspects related to ball throwing speed, given that these parameters cannot be changed through training, they should be taken into account when discovering talents.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de los miembros superiores sobre la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota. En el estudio participaron un total de 10 jugadores profesionales de balonmano (25,74±4,84 años). Todos ellos jugaban en la principal liga profesional de balonmano de Montenegro. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los miembros superiores tienen una alta influencia en la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota. Este estudio proporciona datos normativos y estándares de rendimiento para el balonmano profesional. Los entrenadores pueden utilizar esta información para determinar el tipo de características antropométricas necesarias para el balonmano. Los parámetros antropométricos como la longitud del brazo, el diámetro de la muñeca, la longitud de la mano y la envergadura del brazo son los aspectos más relevantes relacionados con la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota, dado que estos parámetros no se pueden cambiar mediante el entrenamiento, deben tenerse en consideración a la hora de descubrir talentos.

Morphological Characteristics of Elite Female Volleyball Players Under 19 / Características Morfológicas de Jugadoras de Voleibol de Élite Menores de 19 Años

SUMMARY: The aim of the article is to determine the differences in morphological characteristics and jumping abilities between female volleyball players who play for different national teams. The sample consists of 48 elite female volleyball players from four different national teams which participated in European championship qualifications. The variables studied were: body height, mass, body mass index, standing reach and spike reach. The results show differences in body mass index, standing reach and spike reach. These differences are related to the needs of the different positions with regard to the actions they execute. In conclusion morphological parameters are important components of performance in many sports (volleyball). Different sports disciplines require different body parameters and body structure for maximum performance.

El objetivo del artículo fue determinar las diferencias en las características morfológicas y habilidades de salto entre las jugadoras de voleibol que juegan en diferentes selecciones nacionales. La muestra consta de 48 jugadoras de voleibol de élite de cuatro equipos nacionales diferentes que participaron en las clasificaciones del campeonato europeo. Las variables estudiadas fueron: altura corporal, masa, índice de masa corporal, alcance de pie y alcance de remate. Los resultados muestran diferencias en el índice de masa corporal, el alcance de pie y el alcance de punta. Estas diferencias están relacionadas con las necesidades de los distintos cargos en cuanto a las acciones que ejecutan. En conclusión, los parámetros morfológicos son componentes importantes del rendimiento en muchos deportes (voleibol). Las diferentes disciplinas deportivas requieren diferentes parámetros corporales y estructuras corporales para un rendimiento máximo.

Kinematic parameters and metabolic power in elite soccer players: A small sided a large sided games comparison.

Introduction: The goal of this paper is to determine what happens in one minute (on average) in kinematic parameters and metabolic power in small sided games (SSG) (3v3; 5v5) and large sided games (LSG) (10v10) and in which games kinematic parameters and metabolic power are best developed. Methods: The participants of this study were 22 professional football players, height 182.95±6.52 cm, mass 77.17±8.21 kg, body mass index (BMI) 22.97±1.47 kg/m2, body fat 9.85±2.55 %, aged 27.1±5.4 yrs, who played in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data total distance (TD), maximum speed (MS), number of accelerations (nAcc), number of decelerations (nDec), number of sprints (nS), high intensity distance (Z4≥19.8 km/h), sprint distance (Z5≥25.2 km/h) and movements requiring a certain metabolic power (Pmet), were collected using a 20 Hz Global positioning system (GPS) system Pro2 (GPEXE, Exelio srl, Udine, Italy), on a total of 307 individual observations. Results: The results showed that the average total distance was significantly higher in the 5v5 (135.16±18.78 m) and 10v10 (133.43±20.06 m) games (F=64.26, p<0.001) compared to the 3v3 (108.24±11.26 m). Furthermore, the values of the variables Z4 (8.32±3.38 m, F=97.59), Z5 (1.84±1.53 m, F=123.64), nS (0.13±0.10 n, F=96.14) as well as Maxspeed (27.06±1.90 km/h, F=139.33), are statistically significantly higher (p<0.001) in the 10v10 game compared to the other two game formats. The average number of nAcc (0.40±0.32 n, F=9.86, p<0.001) and nDec (0.62±0.36 n, F=6.42, p<0.001) is statistically significantly higher in the 5v5 game. The results showed that the 5v5 game is significantly more metabolically demanding Pmet (2.76±0.67 W•kg-1, F=66.08, p<0.001) compared to the other two game formats. Discussion: The data presented in this paper can be used as a basis for the construction of specific exercises based on kinematic and physiological requirements, and for planning and programming microcycles in football.

Exploring trends of running performance during matches of professional soccer players in Montenegro: A longitudinal study.

The practical value of monitoring is that well-chosen performance indicators can help coaches identify the good and bad performance of individuals or teams. External monitoring of matches is useful in establishing the physiological requirements of the sport and assessing how a player compares to the requirements of the event in this regard. This study aimed to analyze the trend component of running performance during a game of professional soccer in Montenegro. The research included a sample of 82 professional soccer players. The first subsample included 44 professional soccer players of the club Buducnost from Podgorica, height 185.89 ± 6.29 cm, mass 81.06 ± 5.47 kg, BMI 23.47 ± 0.96 kg/m2, age 28.86 ± 3.85 yrs. The second subsample included 38 professional soccer players from the Sutjeska club from Niksic, height 181.88 ± 6.35 cm, mass 77.28 ± 6.78 kg, BMI 23.32 ± 1.08 kg/m2, age 29.43 ± 5.68 yrs. The InStat kinematic system captured the outfield players by using six cameras placed around the perimeter of the field at the minimal height of 12 m. The frame frequency was 25 frames per second; data were centralized for further analysis. Statistically significant differences were noted only in the variable sprint distance in the 2017 season. The results of the current research indicate that the soccer players who compete in Montenegro are below the values achieved by those who compete in Europe.

Rate of force development and stretch-shortening cycle in different jumps in the elite volleyball players / Tasa de desarrollo de fuerza y ciclo de estiramiento-acortamiento en diferentes saltos en jugadores de voleibol de élite

SUMMARY: As it is currently played, volleyball is a game in which success depends in large measure on the athleticism of the participants. The aim of this research was to point out the importance of the cycle of stretching and shortening in different jumps for elite volleyball players. Thus, it is common for volleyball athletes to place considerable emphasis on jump training. Not surprisingly, overload injuries of the knee and ankle joints, both acute and chronic, occur frequently among volleyball players and are related to the volume of jump training and skill repetition. Understanding the biomechanics of jumping is therefore a prerequisite for designing effective training programs which minimize the risk of overuse injuries that may result from excessive jumping, and the repetitive mechanical loading of muscles and joints that are involved in jump training Muscles acting about a joint function naturally through a combination of eccentric (lengthening) and concentric (shortening) activations. In the lower limb, the stretch-shortening cycle is a reflex arc in which the tendomuscular system acting about the knee or ankle is eccentrically preloaded (stretched) in the loading or impact phase of the jump before concentrically shortening in the push-off or take-off phase.

RESUMEN: Actualmente, el voleibol es un juego en el que el éxito depende en gran medida del atletismo de los participantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue señalar la importancia del ciclo de estiramiento y acortamiento en diferentes saltos para jugadores de voleibol de élite. Es común que los atletas de voleibol pongan un énfasis considerable en el entrenamiento de salto. No es sorprendente que las lesiones por sobrecarga de las articulaciones de la rodilla y el tobillo, tanto agudas como crónicas, ocurran con frecuencia entre los jugadores de voleibol y estén relacionadas con el volumen de entrenamiento de saltos y la repetición de destrezas. Comprender la biomecánica del salto es, por lo tanto, un requisito previo para diseñar programas de entrenamiento efectivos que minimicen el riesgo de lesiones por uso excesivo que pueden resultar de un salto excesivo y la carga mecánica repetitiva de los músculos y las articulaciones que están involucrados en el entrenamiento del salto. Los músculos que actúan sobre una articulación funcionan de forma natural a través de una combinación de activaciones excéntricas (alargamiento) y concéntricas (acortamiento). En el miembro inferior, el ciclo de estiramiento-acortamiento es un arco reflejo en el que el sistema tendomuscular que actúa sobre la rodilla o el tobillo se precarga (estira) excéntricamente en la fase de carga o impacto del salto antes de acortarse concéntricamente en el despegue o toma. -fase de apagado.